Are Passions Natural?

What is a passion? 

They are impulses that move us to action by overcoming our will. Because of this we say they enslave us. They are powerful because they are also desires which cannot be satisfied. They act as a force that goes against what we know to be the proper action and lead us to actions which are counter to the commandments of Christ. There is no single list of these passions, but the following is a common list used in early Christian literature: gluttony, unchastity, avarice, anger, dejection, listlessness, self-esteem and pride.


Their ultimate cause is the forgetting of God. Healing begins with faith.


Not all passions are bad. There are both natural and unnatural passions. Our natural passions are our appetite for food, enjoyment of food, fear and sadness. These are necessary for our the preservation of our nature. They are important animal aspect of our being given to by God. But we are more than animals as we are spiritual. Because of this we have an aspiration for the infinite. Often these natural passions which are intended for earthly preservation are transformed into unnatural passions. They are frequently transformed into a mistaken quest for the infinite in things of this material world. The soul loses control and the passions take over. Out task is to control them so they can be limited to their proper purpose. Then they can channeled to seek divine things.


Saint Maximus says,

The natural passions become good in those who struggle when, wisely unfastening them from the things of the flesh, use them to gain heavenly things. For example they can change appetite into the movement of a spiritual longing for divine things; pleasure into pure joy for the cooperation of the mind with divine gifts; fear into care to evade future misfortune due to sin and sadness into corrective repentance for present evil. So the natural passions are not necessarily bad. When we are thinking of God they are kept to their necessary biological functions. Our task is not to eradicate them but to control them, keeping them within the limits necessary for the preservation of the body. They must continually be watched and controlled. This is the basis of asceticism.


Thoughts from Fr. Dimitru Staniloae:

Asceticism means, in the spirit of Eastern thought, the restraint and discipline of the biological, not a battle for its extermination. On the contrary, asceticism means the sublimation of this element of bodily affectivity, not its abolition.... Natural passions can assume a spiritual character and give an increased accent to our love for God.... Now here is the most important point. By controlling them we increase our spiritual blessings.

Fr. Dimitru says,

By putting a bridle and a limit on the pleasure of material things, a transfer of this energy of our nature takes place, in favor of the spirit; pleasure in spiritual blessings grows. ... The challenge we face is not easy. Is difficulty is increased by our tendency to react in the wrong way. Once a pleasure leaves us we feel a loss. This can be painful. Pain or dissatisfaction always follows pleasure. This pain that follows does not lead us to take action to temper the pleasure, but does the opposite. We seek even more pleasure. The cycle continues without satisfaction.


Fr. Dimitru says,

The pain which follows pleasure, instead of making him avoid pleasure, as its source,...pushes his anew into pleasure as if to get rid of it, tangling him even more in this vicious chain. Asceticism is aimed at breaking this dysfunctional cycle of pleasure and pain, liberating us from the unnatural extension of passions that have a proper role in our bodily preservation. This bodily domination through uncontrolled passions is our main block to union with God.

Reference: Orthodox Spirituality, pp77 - 89

When the soul commits itself totally to God... ( St. Anthony the Great )

The soul has its own personal passions: pride, hatred, covetousness, anger, despondency and others. 

When the soul commits itself totally to God, it receives a feeling of genuine contrition and from His generosity, a cleansing of all its passions. At the same time, it is taught not to follow them as well as to receive the strength to overcome them and conquer its enemies, which unceasingly lay obstacles in its path. 

If the soul remains firm in its conversion and obedient submission to the Holy Spirit, which teaches repentance, then the merciful Creator would take pity on her because of her labors conducted through hardships and wants , in lengthy fasting, frequent vigilance, in learning God’s word and continual prayer, rejection of worldly comforts, in meekness and spiritual humility. If it remains firm in all this, the generous God will deliver her from all temptations and through His mercy, wrest her from the enemies’ clutches.


St. Anthony the Great

Do not give in to evil ( St. Anatoly of Optina )

“Are you fighting against your passions? Fight, fight, and be good soldiers of Christ! 

Do not give in to evil and do not be carried away by the weakness of the flesh. 

During the time of temptation, flee to the Physician, crying out with the Holy Church, our mother: “O God, number me with the thief, the harlot, and the publican (i.e., with the repentant), and save me!”

  St. Anatoly of Optina

Sins and passions are not a part of human nature ( St. John Climacus )

Sins and passions are not a part of human nature, for God is not the Creator of passions. But He implanted into our nature many virtues, among which the following can be named: mercy (for even the pagans are compassionate), love (for even dumb animals often weep at the loss of one another), faith (for it is natural to all people), hope (for when we lend, sow or labor, we hope to receive a gain from this, and when we travel, we hope to reach our destination). Hence, if love and virtue is inherent in our nature — for love is the fulfillment of the law — then it is clear that virtues are not alien to our make-up. And may those that want to justify their neglect through feebleness, be ashamed.

St. John Climacus

Cut off the passions before the soul becomes accustomed to them ( Abba Dorotheos )

When I was in the coenobium, the Abbot, with the consent of the Elders, made me guest-master. I was, at the time, recovering from a serious illness. Strangers came and I stayed up with them; camel-drivers arrived and I looked after them. And there were lots of times when I was just about to go to sleep after all this when something would crop up and they’d rouse me again. Then it would be time for the vigil and, before I’d had time to get to sleep, the canonarch would come to wake me. Then, whether it was from tiredness or illness- because I still had a slight fever- I’d feel so completely exhausted that I had trouble knowing where I was. So I’d be half-asleep when I replied ‘Very well, Elder, may God remember your love and reward you. You’ve called me and I’m coming’. But as soon as he’d gone, I’d drop off again. I was really sad when I was late for the vigil, and since the canonarch couldn’t wait for me to get up, I asked two other brothers, one to wake me and the other not to let me fall asleep again when it was time for the service. Believe me, brethren, I really considered them agents of my salvation and I held them in great respect. You should feel the same towards those who wake you to get to church or to do anything good.

As we said before, we have an obligation to examine how we’ve spent the day and the night. Did we pay attention while we were standing listening to the hymns and prayers? Were we taken off guard by annoying thoughts or were we slack in our attention to the readings? Or did we leave the service and go out of the church, letting our minds wander? If we examine ourselves every day and make sure we repent for our sins and strive to correct them, the evil begins to decrease. If we’ve fallen nine times into an error, it becomes eight. Then, by God’s grace, we make gradual progress and He prevents the passions from taking root within us. It’s very dangerous to let passions take root within us, because then, as we’ve said, even if we want to, it’d be very difficult to overcome a passion on our own, without the help of the saints.

Shall I tell you about someone who allowed a passion to take root within him? Listen to this lamentable tale. When I was in the coenobium, I don’t know how but the brothers were fooled into coming to me with their problems. With the consent of the Elders, the Abbot assigned me to this task. So one day, one of the brothers came to me and said, ‘Forgive me, master, and pray for me, because I steal and eat’. I said to him, ‘Why? Are you hungry?’ He replied, ‘Yes. I’m never full at the refectory and I can’t ask for more’. I told him to go and tell this to the Abbot, but he said he was too ashamed. I asked him if he wanted me to go and tell the Abbot and he said, ‘Whatever you think best, master’.



So I went and told the abbot and he said, ‘Of your love, do whatever you think’s best for him’. Well, I took the brother with me and we went to the cellarer and I told him, ‘Of your love, whenever this brother comes to you, give him as much as he wants and don’t deprive him of anything’. When the cellarer heard this he answered, ‘Whatever you say’. A few days went by and this brother came back to me and said, ‘Forgive me, master, but I’ve started stealing again’. I asked him why, because the cellarer was giving him whatever he wanted. ‘Yes, forgive me’, he answered, ‘he gives me what I want, but I’m still ashamed’. I asked if he was ashamed in front of me and he said he wasn’t, so I told him, ‘In that case, if you want anything, come to me to get it and don’t steal again’. Because I was then in charge of the hospice [and therefore had access to the stores], he would come to me and take whatever he wanted. But then, after a few days, he started stealing again and came to me contritely and said, ‘Look, I’m stealing again’. I asked him why and whether I wasn’t providing him with what he wanted, and he replied that I was. So I asked him, ‘Then why are you stealing?’ He said, ‘Forgive me, but I don’t know why, I just do’. I said to him, ‘Tell me truthfully what do you do with what you steal’, and he replied, ‘I give it to the donkey’.

It became clear that this brother was stealing rusks, dates, figs, onions and whatever else he came across. And he hid all of it: some of it under his mattress and some of it elsewhere. In the end, he didn’t know what to do with it, and when it began to go off, he would either throw it away or give to the animals.

So do you see what it means to let passions take root within you? Do you see how wretched they make us? How they torment us? He knew full well that it was wrong, he knew that he wasn’t doing the right thing, he was sad, he wept, but the unfortunate man was carried away by his bad habit, which he’d acquired through his earlier negligence. Abba Nisthero was right to say that if somebody is carried away by a passion, they became a slave to it. May the good God preserve us from bad habits, so that He won’t say to us: ‘What is the point of my blood and in my going down into Hell?’.

Abba Dorotheos 

http://pemptousia.com/2014/08/cut-off-the-passions-before-the-soul-becomes-accustomed-to-them-2/